Top 10 Cooperative Games To Play At A Gaming Convention!

As RichieCon 2026 approaches, we are reminded that not all cooperative games are created equal! A convention hall (or equivalent thereof) usually has a very different atmosphere than a home or a store. A convention tends to be a noisier, you may play with people you don’t know, and maybe you’ve been up too long so you are tired! In this convention environment, some cooperative games work better than others! For each game we list below, we indicate WHY we think this is a good cooperative convention game!

Unfortunately, a convention is a place where the Alpha Player Syndrome can manifest more easily (as you tend to play with strangers who you don’t know or trust), so we choose games where the Alpha Player is kept at bay by something! Each game we choose will also somehow address mitigating the Alpha Player!

The order for this list matters less than other top 10 lists; these games are mostly just good cooperative games to play at conventions! Here’s my current Top 10 Cooperative Convention Games! Every single one of these I would be happy to play with you and/or teach you at RichieCon 2026!

All of these games will be at RichieCon 2026!

#10 Kinfire Council + Winds Of Change Cooperative Expansion

Ok, this is a weird one, but follow me here! So, this is a long game! It’s kind of complex! The base game is nominally a really good worker placement game, but it’s just too chaotic and fragile as a competitive game. There are a lot of rules, so if you are playing competitively, it makes it a lot harder to ask questions and address issues! The cooperative expansion (Winds of Change) makes the game more interactive and a lot more fun! The complexity is not nearly as overwhelming because players are all working together to play! The game is a lot for a convention, but if you can get someone to teach it to you, the game is more tractable (which is why it’s only #10 on this list and not higher).

The Alpha Player is kept away because the game is very multiplayer solitaire! Each players has their own set of workers and upgrades that, frankly, are too much for others to follow! This game has a lot of choices, and players tend to negotiate to help each other and not get in each others’ way too much. We also strongly suggest that you play with the house rule that you may also share a resource as an errand. See our review of Kinfire Council + Winds of Changes for more discussion of this and some house rules!

I have taught this at Dice Tower West, and to at least 4 different game groups, and it was always a joy! It also made the top position of our Top 10 Cooperations Expansions of 2025!

#9. Marvel United or Marvel United: X-Men or Marvel United:Multiverse or …

Marvel United is a great convention game for many reasons; it’s easy to teach, easy to play, but still quite cooperative! The game is usually under an hour!

The idea that each player uses the symbols of the previous player’s card is genius! Most people love this simple idea that they haven’t seen elsewhere!

Another reason this is a great convention game is because anyone can play the hero that they want! Who’s your favorite Marvel Hero? You can probably play them! The three Seasons of Marvel United have almost every hero from Marvel that you might want to play! Play the quirky Ant-Man! Or the powerful Venom!! Or play the baroque and mysterious Dr. Strange! Or play Wolverine!

The only reason this is just #9 on the list is that Marvel United is slightly susceptible to the Alpha Player since everyone can see each other’s hands; this makes it slightly easier for the Alpha Player to slide in and tell everyone what to do. I personally haven’t had any issues like that, despite having probably played 50 or more games! Each player is generally playing multiplayer solitaire, so that tends to keep the Alpha Player away!

Marvel United had made so many top 10 lists here at CO-OP Gestalt: here’s just a few! Top 10 Cooperative Games of 2024! Top 10 Solo Games of 2025!

#8. Good Dog, Bad Zombie (2nd Edition)

Good Dog, Bad Zombie is a light game that’s easy to jump into at a convention! It’s easy to play, easy to explain, and people can jump in and out very easily as the game is playing!!

Players play as dogs keeping the dumb humans away from the zombies! The dogs are adorable and will probably immediately bring you into the game!

This is a pretty light game with a touch of randomness, but when you are tired and just want a light game (where you can easily add people or take them out), this is a great choice! It’s quite cute too! See our review of Good Dog, Bad Zombie here to see if this is something you want to play at a convention!

#7. Tembo: Survival of the Savanna

Tembo is a very cute game about moving elephants along in the Savanna! The players work together to move the elephants to different watering holes, eating trees along the way, and keeping the herd away from the Lion and Lioness!

This game has amazing art from Vincent Dutraite, and the elephant meeples (elepheeples?) just pop on the table! My friends all adored the cute vibe this game exuded!

But this is still a fun little game for 1-4 players. I am actually expecting to teach Max and Cassidy this game at RichieCon 2026! They will really enjoy this I think! As will you; it’s a quick, cute game that’s easy to teach and you can be done in under an hour.

The Alpha Player is kept in check because there’s a notion that each player’s perspective informs how the tiles must be played on the board, and the Alpha Player can’t necessarily see all that! Each player must play tiles along their perspective! This is a unique way to keep the Alpha Player away!

See our review here to see if Tembo is the right convention game for you!

#6. Aetherspire

Aetherspire is really great at a convention because it is looks so interesting on the board!

The structures you build look so cool! Each player’s turn is fairly multiplayer solitaire, so the Alpha Player can’t sneak in. The game is easy to describe, but it moves well and has some interesting and unique ideas. In the end, it’s the 3-D structures you build that make this game pop in a convention!

Take a look at our review here to see if Aetherspire might be a game you like to play at a convention!

#5. Boaromia: The Cooperative Festival Game!

I can almost guarantee you’ve never heard of this game! It had a very small Kickstarter, and it’s a little rare! But the boisterous energy of this game matches the boisterous energy of a convention!

Players move around a music festival, trying to make sure they see their favorite bands, but making sure to eat enough, pee enough, and drink enough! Along the way, players will stop and see other bands with their friend and just have a good time!

This is a game about having fun together as you traverse a music festival. It’s goofy, the names of the bands are goofy, the characters are goofy, and the game is just goofy. But this is a great game that works for 3 to 8 players! It’s rare to get a game that works for so many players!

I know the Alpha Player can’t really invade this game; I tried playing it solo and there’s just too much going on for the Alpha Player to tell you what to do! Everyone has to see their own favorite bands, and that scheduling can really only handled per player! See our review here to see if this might be a game you are interested!

#4. The Crew: The Quest for Planet Nine or Mission Deep Sea

I have played The Crew (either one) in so many environments, and it has always worked! Missions are short, and it’s really easy for people to hop in or out of this game! You may start with 3 people, add 2 more, then drop to 4! This is just the nature of conventions; people come and go, and The Crew can easily accommodate that! And the game is fun the entire game, even with people coming and going! And you can play as long as you want!! The Crew is also a cooperative game that works well at 5 people, and sometimes it’s just harder to find good cooperative games that work at 5! What a great game; it’s never failed me! The Crew has also made our Top 10 Cooperative Space Games, and the Top 10 Cooperative Trick-Taking games!

The Alpha Player is kept at bay because this is a game of hidden information; the Alpha Player can’t tell you what to do because he can’t see everything! While I personally like The Crew better than most trick-taking games, I can’t deny there was a more popular trick-taking game that works so well at a convention … see #2 below!

#3. Fate: Defenders of Grimheim

There are multiple reasons Fate: Defenders of Grimheim works so well in a convention! For one, the rules are simple to teach and easy to internalize: it’s a tower defense game! Defend the homeland in the middle!

For another, the board is so well-labelled! Everything you need is well-labelled on the board with big enough fonts to read!

For another, the game feels very multiplayer solitaire, but in a good way. Every player is upgrading their own character with their own rules and their own cards, so everyone feels like they are getting powerful! The Alpha Player is kept at bay because each player is too busy concentrating on their own deck; the Alpha Player can’t see what everyone is doing with their own very different deck!

A game of Fate: Defenders of Grimheim starts off very multiplayer solitaire, as each player defends a different direction, but as the game progresses and more shared area is threatened, the game becomes much more cooperative! This is a great dynamic for a bunch of strangers because they can slowly get to know each and slowly become more cooperative as the tension increases!

See our review here to see if Fate: Defenders of Grimheim might be right for you! Oh yes! I have also taught this at Dice Tower West and it went swimmingly!

#2. Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring, Trick-Taking Game. Also, The Two Towers!

This is a cooperative trick-taking game set in the first book of the Lord of The Rings. There are 18 very thematic chapters that people play through!

I know this is a good convention game because I saw it being played non-stop at RichieCon 2025 and Dice Tower West 2025! People just seem to love this game!

Everyone seems to love the simplicity of this game! Like other games on this list, the game does scale so you can jump in and out (a little, the game is best at 3 or 4), but it’s been my experience that people just want to keep playing! See our review of Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring, Trick-Taking Game here!

The Alpha Player is kept at bay because this is a limited communication and limited information game; the Alpha Player can’t tell you what to do because he can’t see everything!

And don’t worry RichieCon 2026 people; the next game in the (The Two Towers) will also be available to play at RichieCon 2026!

#1. Just One

I have never had a session of Just One fail me! I have played with gamers, non-gamers, and casual gamers … and it has always worked! This simple party cooperative game is easily to explain, easy to play, and addicting to keep playing! People can drop in and out without any consequences, and it can play small numbers (like 3 players) all the way up to 9 players (with a little cheating) and still work flawlessly! This word game has a simple premise: everyone choose one word to make the guesser guess the secret word. That’s it! If any words are the same, they are eliminated, so players must think outside the box sometimes to get thing working! Each round is quick, and people can easily join or drop!

The Alpha Player is kept at bay because players simply aren’t allowed to communicate during the word choice phase! There’s no way the Alpha Player can sneak in because he simply can’t talk! (And if he is talking, he is cheating!)

Just One has made our Top 10 Cooperative Games You Can Play Online and also our Top 10 Cooperative Party Games!

Boaromia: The Goofiest Cooperative Game You’ve Never Heard Of!

Boaromia: The Cooperative Festival Game! was a very small crowdfunding game that was on Gamefound in Dec. 2025/Jan 2026! It has only 97 backers for €7293!!

This is a game for 3-8 players (!) and it is pretty quick; 60-90 minutes feels right, but it can be quicker with fewer people.

Let’s take a look at this goofy game! Is it fun?

Unboxing and Gameplay

This is a pretty weird sized box; it’s not standard sized. See Coke can above for perspective.

Boaromia is a game for 3-8 players! Each player takes the roll of a friend going to a music festival! Each different friend has a special “gift” that helps them navigate the music festival! See above!

For example, Crazy Q (above) has the “Festival Vibe” and can push through crowds without being hindered by them!

There’s a board (2-sided) which is the festival grounds! (One side is easier than the other)

Players move around the board, going to venues to see concerts! Seeing concerts with your friends is the best way to have fun in the game!

The object of the game, and this sounds ridiculous, is to have fun! Although you have metaphysical “fun” while you play, each player has a “fun” marker (see pink cube above) which you need to get to 8! If each player has 8 fun and can end together at the same location for a final picture, you win! That’s right, to win, you all have to have fun together!!

So, when we won, we all took a photo together!! See above!

Although alternative ways to have fun come up as you play, the best way to have fun is to attend the MUST SEE bands with your friends, and avoid the MUSS MISS bands! For example, Fire Circle and Primatez are MUST SEEs and Pale Pink and Harinna are the MUST MISS bands! Now, you get +1 fun per MUST SEE bands, but if a friend is with you, you get another +1 (as does the friend!)

To see a band, you (and hopefully your friends) must all end a turn at the Concert Venue with that band! See above as all three friends get +1 “fun” for seeing a show … another +1 if it’s a MUST SEE!

There is a concert schedule showing when and where the bands all play! See above! The colors are used very well to demarcate each venue and when bands are playing!

This game is all about coordinating with your friends to try to see bands together! Sometimes you see a band just to have fun together (even if it isn’t a MUST SEE), and sometimes you have to see a MUST SE band by yourself because everyone else has their own MUST SEE bands, and sometimes you may see a MUST MISS show just to cheer up a friend who isn’t having as much fun!

This game is all about seeing shows with friends and having fun together.

You have to keep your energy up, by visiting bars and the food court! A festival can be draining, so every round, you lose energy! You gotta get beer and coffee and curry to keep moving! See the BAR above (left), where you can get beer, coffee, mix drinks, and water … and see the fry stand above (right) where you can get food!

You start the game with some money to buy drinks and food. Notice that you have a BLADDER track (see above)! All this drinking blows up your bladder … if you are ever have a full bladder, you can do nothing else on your turn but find the restrooms! Just like a real festival, this game is all about seeing shows, keeping your energy up, but also keeping your bladder under control!

You can get money by going to the ATM, but you can also share money if you are on the same space with your friends! “Dude, low on energy? Let me buy you a curry!!” This is a cooperative game, so of course you are going to keep your friends spirits up!

Like any cooperative game, this is bad news of some sort. In this game, the EVENTS unveal every round (the first part of the festitval is in the day, the second part at night). The EVENTS move the “talky” guy and the crowds around! The crowds and the “talky” guy are the things working against you!!

The “talky” guy hangs out at the bars across the festival and moves around in the game. If you ever enter a bar where the “talky” guy is, you have to immediately end your turn! “Hey Rich! Come here! I gotta tell you something!” The “talky” guy is nice, but he can mess up your movement plans if you don’t stay away from him!

The other part of the bad news EVENT cards are the crowds: see above as the DUROC venue is full of people! Crowds don’t STOP your movement, but they impede it; it takes 2 movement points to get through a crowded space! (Everyone has 6 movement points per turn, modulo special abilities like Crazy Q who isn’t affected by crowds!)

There are some side goals that come up as you play which can help you. For example, if two of you end up near the swings, you can immediately satisfy the “Blurred Lines” Goal and one of you gets a fun! Presumably, one player pushes the other player on the swing … these goals are “secondary” ways to get fun!

At the end of the festival, if everyone has 8 fun and you all end up on the same square for a group picture … you win! If not, well, it was fun to see those bands anyways!

The components aren’t great, but they work and are readable. There is one major issue we will discuss below!

Overall, the components work.

Rulebook

I liked this rulebook. First of all, it wasn’t on shiny paper! It was on ordinary paper! See above! I think I’ve come to prefer rulebooks on non-shiny paper! It makes it SO MUCH easier to read in the light! There’s no reflection! Those of you paying attention might remembers The Plum Island Horror from a while ago (see review here); it also had the non-shiny paper! I find myself wishing more companies would use non-shiny paper!

This game is an A on the Chair Test! It fits very well on the chair next to me, it has a very readable font, I can see and consult the rulebook on the chair next to me, and the rulebook is filled with lots of good pictures!

The Components page and set-up were fine! They showed the map and where to put things!

I think there were a few minor rule questions as we played, but overall this was a good rulebook! Lots of examples, well-laid out rulebook, lots of pictures; they did a good job. Did it need an Index? I don’t think so? It’s a pretty simple game.

Solo Game?

So, there is no solo mode! See above as the player count is 3-8 ! Boo for not following Saunders’ Law! … until I tried it solo!!

So, I said, “I’ll just try a 3-handed solo game!” See above for set-up! This should work, right?

Nope! I got slaughtered! This game is all about planning how each character separately moves about the map! Each character MUST SEE some shows, and tries to hook up with their friends for other shows! Sometimes there are Goals which are useful, but this game is all about the coordination and trying to get to events! Every game I have played has characters barely making events at the last minute! And that’s the fun! Trying to hook up with your friends.

As a solo gamer, it’s too much work trying to run 3 characters at the same time. “Wait, he has to be here, she has to be here, wait, he needs energy, he needs to pee… ARGHGH!” I totally understand why there’s no solo mode. Having said that, I think I would recommend trying a solo game three-handed just to see how the game works! For the purposes of having “fun”, a three-handed solo game isn’t fun, but it’s very instructive.

Play solo (three characters) once to learn the game, then never play solo again.

Cooperative Play

This game is totally made for cooperative play! There is so much to keep track of for just one character, so you pretty much have to play just one character! You have to make sure your character achieves their goals … but in order to get fun (and win), you absolutely have to work with everyone!! Part of the fun of this game is calling out to the game board:
“HEY! I MUST SEE the Primatez!! Who wants to come with me?” And you’ll hear,
“I’d love to, but I have to pee first! I’ll see you at the stage!”
“Not me! I HATE the Primatez!!! I’ll get some curry and meet you later!”

The game is goofy! You are all trying to coordinate your actions to see as many shows as you can! You have to manage your money, your bladder, and your fun as you run around the board.

This game is so cooperative! You have to work with your friends to see shows, because the best way to get fun in the game is to see shows together, with your friends!!!! It’s actually a lot of work to have fun at the show!

The theme of the game is so goofy, that if you lean into it, you can have so much fun! We would high-five as we saw a MUST SEE show together! We’d share money so our buddy could get a curry and keep his strength up! We’ve go swing on the swings together between shows!

I have played a 3-player and 5-player game of this, and both worked so well! Everyone was laughing and having a good time!

What I Liked

So Interactive! As we played, there was so much interaction! Sometimes you’d hang with one set of friends, sometimes you’d hang with a different set of friends … and see shows together! The game was all about seeing shows with your friends, even as little groups come and go as you see your MUST SEE bands!

Goofy! I loved how goofy this game was! The band names are goofy, the character names are goofy! It makes it easy to lean into this theme and just have goofy fun! I don’t mean goofy to be bad in any way! I loved the goofy nature of this game!

Band Names: In case you haven’t figured it out, all the band names in this game as “peterbations” of real names! Some of the fun was trying to figure out who the “real” band was! Lukewarm Vanilla Snippets? We are pretty sure they are the Red-Hot Chile Peppers!!

What I Didn’t Like

Pawns and Character Colors: The worst part of this game was the mapping of the character colors to the pawn colors! Look above at all the characters! The washed-out colors all kind of blend into each other, and some character colors are almost indistinguishable! The pawns to character mappings are also very unclear, to the point where it sometimes interfered with gameplay! “Wait, why are you moving my pawn?” “Oh sorry, I thought that was my color!”

Considering how WELL they used colors to distinguish the venues, the colors for the characters pawns and character mats seemed surprisingly poorly chosen. I think they were trying to use primary colors for the venues and “off” colors for the characters to distinguish them? I applaud the effort, but it just didn’t work.

A Worry About Replayability: The game uses the same schedule and the same band names for every game. I’ve played the game at least 3 times now, and the game is still a hoot! I worry it will become “samey” after a few more games; I wish there had been another schedule with different band names.

I think this game needs a Heavy Metal expansion, with names like “Poorly Whiteless’ Prismatic Spray” (for “Richie Blackmore’s Rainbow”) and a different schedule! I kind of wish that more schedules with different theres: a “Pop” and a “Heavy Metal” and a “Alternative” festival should have all been included. But I get it; I think this is literally the smallest Kickstarter I have ever funded. It only had 97 people, so they could only do so much with limited funds.

Conclusion

Boaromia: The Cooperative Festival Game is definitely a hidden gem of a game! If you have a group of friends who can lean into the music festival theme and enjoy the dynamic little groups that form from show to show, I think this will be a great hit! If you are looking for a deeply serious and strategic game with cooperative elements, Boaromia: The Cooperative Festival Game probably isn’t for you. This game is best enjoyed by being goofy with your friends!

From this description, I think you will know if you and your friends will like Boaromia! I am surprised how much me and my groups of friends liked this! I was going to give this a 7/10, but I can still see the smiles on ALL of my friends faces as we played this … it has to be at least an 8/10!!

There are few issues to consider; the game might be come a bit “samey” as the bands and schedule don’t change, and the color choices for the pawns and characters mats actually detract from the game. I would love to see a bigger better edition with better colors, multiple themes/bands, with multiple schedules to give the game some variety! But as it stands, I really enjoyed this game!

I think this game would would work fabulously in a convention environment! The raucous energy of this game matches the raucous energy you get at a board game convention! I expect this to be on my Top 10 Cooperative Games To Play at a Convention next week! (Spoilers!)

Cooperative Scrabble? A Solo and Cooperative Review of Word Weaver Adventures

Word Weaver Adventures is a cooperative word and (sorta) boss-battler game from Gamefound back in June 2024. It arrived at my house sometime April 2026. There were delays along the way from tariffs and other issues, but it delivered!

I have to admit, I almost didn’t back this! This wasn’t a well-known company or anything like that, just a bunch of passionate new gamers. They promised a cooperative word game (maybe like a cooperative Scrabble?) .. and the art and the enthusiasm for the project amped me up enough to back the project! It ended up being a smallish Gamefound project at about $13,000 with only 152 backers.

In the end, when the game finally arrived, I enjoyed the personal letter they sent. See above.

Will this be a hidden gem? Let’s check it out!

Unboxing and Gameplay

Word Weaver Adventures is a smallish box; see Coke can above for perspective.

The rulebook is, unfortunately, a folded pamphlet. Sigh. See above.

If Ace of Spades (from a few weeks ago) uses poker hands to take out bad guys cooperatively, then Word Weaver Adventures uses words (with point values like Scrabble) to take out bad guys cooperatively! There’s actually a surprising amount of overlap in the ideas!

Each player takes the role of one of four characters: see the choices above.

Each character has a special ability, powered by letters and gems. See above as Fulminate : The Exploder can double the value of a letter!

Each use of your power consumes a gem and 2 letters (see above). You only start with 3 gems, which means you only get to use your special ability 3 times during the game! And that use also costs precious letters!

At the start of each turn, each player draws up to 7 letters, and uses them to try to spell things! It has kind of a Scrabble vibe, eh?

The letters are really nice wooden letters, ala Scrabble. They are in a very nice bag holding them … see above!

The words you spell do “damage” to bad guys! How much damage? It depends on how much the letters of the words are worth! JARS above (with no modifiers) would be worth 8+1+1+1 = 11 points of damage!

This is a boss-battler game! Sort of! To win, you have to take down one of the big bosses (see above) by doing enough damage! I keep saying this is a boss-battler, but these “bosses” are just challenging you to spell! My first pass through the game, I thought these were bosses you “defeated”! No no no!! The theme is that they are teachers quizzing you, and you have to get enough points to move on to the next teacher! The “damage” you do is just points towards overcoming a “test” or “quiz!”

Along the way, you must pass smaller quizzes from Assistant Teachers! See The Termite Colonizers above! He’s an Assistant Teacher who gives you little quizzes! They are just a minor quizzes on the way to the big test at the end! (The bad guys are all grouped; we are spelling for the yellow diamond bad guys! See the little yellow diamond in the upper right corner)

The (left) bottom of the card describes how many points they have, plus (right bottom) how much “damage” they do to the characters if the survive to the next round! Damage to characters is done “cracking” a letter spot so that character(s) get fewer letters next turn!

If the players can survive the big boss (called Head Teacher) test and take out little spelling quizzes along the way (with Assistant Teachers), players win! Basically, if all slots are cracked (meaning players can’t draw any letters), players lose!

Overall, these components are just fantastic!

Rulebook

Yes, the rulebook is a pamphlet. Sigh. I really detest this form factor for rulebooks.

It DOES fit on the chair next to me without drooping, but the text is a little hard to read. They did a good job of not wasting space (there’s almost no wasted space: see above), and there is no droopage, but it’s still a pamphlet that’s kind of hard to read: this gets a C on the Chair Test?

The rules were ok, but a little unclear on a few things. I didn’t realize until I looked at the Variations, that you can generally only spell one word per turn with your tiles! If you play the Early Spellers Variation (above), you can spell multiple words! Whoops! I wish that had been clearer!

I mean, I got the game played from this rulebook. . I would have been so much happier if this had been a little rulebook. But I get it; there were only 152 backers for this campaign. They did such a great job with the cards and characters and the art therein, I guess someplace had to suffer a little. I’d rather have the great art and cards (which you look at all the time) and an ok rulebook (which you only ever look at once or twice). So, I get it. The rulebook mostly taught the game; It was fine.

Solo Play

Strictly speaking, this game DOES NOT support the solo player! Only 2-4! So sad, no support for Saunders’ Law.

It is SO EASY to support solo play! Just play the 2-Player mode (play as two characters) and alternate between them as-if the game were 2-Player! This is perfect example of 2-handed solo working just fine! I found that this solo mode worked! I am a little surprised they didn’t include this simple solo mode.

This is how I learned the game; playing 2-handed solo mode! In the end, I had a fine time playing.

Cooperative Mode

We played a few cooperative games. We liked it enough, after the first game, that we wanted to play again! In fact, we probably should have upped the difficulty in the second game! We crushed it!

From a mechanism point of view, there isn’t really that much cooperation. Every turn, you can maybe swap one letter each, and each player can only swap once! (Which means in a 3-player game, there is a limit of one swap total per turn). Basically every turn is mostly multiplayer solitaire (see Teresa above looking at her letter) as each player tries to get the best word they can with their letters! So, there’s not that much cooperation, at least at the spelling word level.

Interestingly, even if the “spelling” part of the game had pretty minimal communication and/or sharing, some of the higher-level strategies emerged as we chatted. “You know, if I spell a lesser word, I can use my shield to protect us all from cracking!” “Oh ya! Do we have good letters? I can double the best letter? Is this a good idea now?” As the monkey, I was good at shielding …

The special powers and special cards (treasures) actually became very important part of the strategy of this game. The discussions that revolve around when to use these cards was the main cooperation that emerged.

To be clear, there are NO communication limitations (thank goodness) in this game! Players can talk as much as they want! And even the rules aren’t 100% clear, I am pretty sure you are allowed to show all your tiles to all other players! That encourages the cooperation and helping! You can kinda tell when someone is having trouble with their letters, and you can look across the table and offer suggestions! I did that a few times … and I was offered suggestions a few times as well. It works; each player still make all the decisions with their own letters, but minor help occasionally from your friends does help.

The game is mostly multiplayer solitaire, as players spell their words fairly independently. There’s a minor mechanism for sharing letters, but much of the conversation that flows in the game is high-level strategizing about how to use special powers and treasures. Despite the multiplayer solitaire nature of the spelling part of the game, the rest of the game is fairly interactive and cooperative!

What I Liked

The Art: The art in this game is generally fantastic! I love the vibe that this art exudes! No adjustment needed on the art at all! This art is AWESOME!

Cooperative Scrabble: I like that I can generally describe this as a cooperative Scrabble game! Most people know what Scrabble means, but they wonder how it comes together as a cooperative game! It’s tempting to hear, “Oh, you can play Scrabble cooperatively?”

Easy To Pull Out. In general, this game is easy to pull out and teach.

What I Didn’t Like

No Solo Mode? It’s really weird that there’s no solo mode. Play 2-handed solo; it works fine.

Scaling: The game scales weirdly. It’s supposed to be Easy/Medium/Hard difficulty, but honestly, the game is so much easier with more people! If you have 4 people, you can do so much more “damage” per turn! I was struggling in a 2-Player game at the “easy” level, and I realized I would be destroying the game with 3 or 4 characters playing! So, it sorta feels like the difficulty should be a function of the number of players? It’s not!!! I think that the difficulty level should probably be the number of characters in play: Use easy for 2 characters, medium for 3 characters, and hard for 4 characters. (Note that I say characters because a solo game would be 2 characters!) I guess you can choose to make the game easier or harder by upping or lowering the difficulty.

It felt like a mistake the game had no notion for scaling for the number of characters in play. This is probably the biggest flaw in the game; there needs to be an orthogonal scaling factor for the number of players and the difficulty; they conflated them and I think that’s a mistake (and confusing).

Pamphlet For Rulebook. Yes, I’ve complained about this a lot; I’ll shut up now. I’d much rather have the amazing art and a pamphlet than mediocre art and a real rulebook. I’ll shut-up about this. The pamphlet worked. This is a personal issue.

What’s a Word? There is no discussion really of “what’s a legal word I can use?”. I think they are relying on the Scrabble back-knowledge of most people, assuming people will use standard Scrabble rules for “what’s a legal word”. But there wasn’t really a discussion.

Conclusion

Word Weaver Adventures is a hidden gem of a game! Most people know what Scrabble is, so it should be easy to pull this out and teach this to most people. As long as you know about the scaling issues (and know how to correctly use the difficulty based on the number of players), this game is great! 8/10.

You can play solo; have the solo player operate two characters and alternate between them. It’s surprising this solo mode isn’t in the rules.

I am so glad I have a simple and gorgeous cooperative Scrabble game I can pull out and show anyone.

A Pirate’s Favorite Letter? A Solo and Cooperative Review of Tanares Expedition

Tanares: Expeditions is a cooperative pirate game that was on Gamefound back in November 2024. It finally arrived at my house in late April 2026.

What Is This?

What is Tanares Expeditions: Central Sea? It’s basically Gloomhaven with a pirate theme! You fight a bunch of minor bad guys on the way to fighting a big bad boss on every quest!

Players quest! Players each play as a pirate exploring a map! That’s not quite true; there must ALWAYS be four pirates, no matter the number of players! So, a 4-Player game works best, as each player gets their own pirate to play! Other player counts can work, but you have to either take control of multiple pirates or do something special (that isn’t well specified) using something called comrades. I found the comrade rules very underspecified and underwhelming, so I always just played with 4 full pirates with full abilities. It’s a lot of work (especially for the solo player operating all 4 pirates), but you get used to it … after a quest or two. It’s still a lot of work to operate multiple pirates, even if you do use the comrades rules … so just play as full pirates.

Pirates fight! They roll barrels! (Seriously!)

Each quest offers “about” 4 encounters where it’s tactical combat! Each combat is unique and different! A full quest takes about 2.5 to 3 hours, with each encounter in that Quest being about 30 to 45 minutes.

Each combat is a little different and a little special; you don’t always do the same thing! There are challenges (see above) that help give the combat a lot of flavor! Sometimes you have to roll barrels to kill opponents, sometimes you have to push them into spikes, sometimes you get drunk on Grog, and sometimes you have to bat them into the hole with the Kraken! (I am not making this up). You can still win the combat if you don’t succeed at the challenge (BTW, the word challenge wasn’t in the Index, so you have to go looking to find it), but it’s better to succeed at the challenges if possible! Succeeding at challenges allows to activate your Sea Blessings sooner and better!

Sea Blessings are arguably the best part of the game! Basically, after each encounter, each pirate gets a new Sea Blessing! The Sea Blessings enhance each pirate character and allow them to feel more powerful very quickly! Since each Quest is “about” 4 encounters, you will have a full raft of Sea Blessings (no pun intended … well maybe a little)! See below for four full Sea Blessings active!

These Sea Blessings are also unique to your character type! Captain Mavra (above) is a Controller type which tends to focus on upgrading her abilities to do magic damage from far away! See above as she has 4 of her Sea Blessings out! Each Sea Blessing really makes her feel a little more powerful! And of course, you get some choices on the Sea Blessings that come out, so you can make your own combos!

There are 4 character types: Healer, Tank, Controller, and Striker. All quests must have four pirates, with one of each type. See above for the Healer.

See above as the solo player BARELY keeps all four sets of pirates cards together! Yes, this game takes up a LOT of real estate!

Probably the second coolest thing about this game is the powers: each pirate has two main Attacks (far left) and 1 Ultimate Attack (far right)! You can use the main Attacks all the time (once per turn), but you can only use the Ultimate Attack once per Quest!

Oh, and you’ll notice the Kickstarter awesome version of this game came with plastic stands to hold cards. These were completely unwieldy and took up waaaaaaay too much space for the solo game. We’ll see how much we like them in a 4-Player game? Honestly, I don’t think I would recommend them at all. I kept knocking over the cards. UPDATE: Andrew and I hated them and didn’t play with them. Sam and Teresa kept theirs the whole game, but their cards got knocked over quite a bit.

Sure, it looks cool all set up with these card holders (above) but I found them unusable. They got in the way, the cards fell down all the time, and I couldn’t see the map!

It was kind of a mess to player 4 characters solo, but above (with the 4 characters all scrunched together) worked MUCH better than the plastic card holders. Your mileage may vary.

Minis and/or Standees.

Players are pirates fighting pirate-themed bad guys. I got the Kickstarter version which has Minis.

There are bunch of minis; most of them are bad guys you fight! Bad pirates, Spiders, Goblins, etc. the standard pirate stuff!

Some of the minis (the big bosses, see above) are even painted!

So, I got the painted version of the game, but not all my minis are painted? Just a few? Shrug? Just so you know that not ALL your minis will be painted.

Here’s some bad guys (above and below) with their stats card and minis.

The minis seem to correspond pretty well (we had trouble correlating minis to cards in The Last Spell from a few weeks ago). So that was nice.

Combat

Combat order is decided by the initiative deck! See above! Each pirate gets a card and each bad guys gets a card.

See other side of the initiative cards above.

Once the Initiative cards are laid out, they stays like that for the rest of the encounter. See above! Those of you who have played Dungeons & Dragons might recognize this; this feels very much like the initiative system from D&D! In fact, you can even use special powers to “slightly modify” your turn order! To be clear, this is NOT Variable Turn Order (like we saw last week in Aeon’s End: Beyond the Breach)! Once the cards are out, players know the order that everyone will activate for the rest of combat! So, it may suck that the bad guys goes twice or even thrice in a row, but it’s predictable, you know it’s coming, and so you can work with it or around it!

Oh! One of my favorite parts of the Initiative system is that a Sea Curse (see above) defines attack preferences for that round! One of these cards come out every round, revealing some bad news, but more importantly: defining attack preferences!!! Bad guys are red or blue in this game, and you can see that each round has the attack preference VERY WELL DEFINED! “Red enemies go after the farthest enemy” and “Blue enemies go after enemy with fewest HP!” This disambiguations makes me very happy! They kind of dropped the ball though; if there’s a “tie”, … the players pick! No no no no no no! You already have a well-defined ordering in the initiative line! LEFT TO RIGHT! If there’s ever a tie, just use the leftmost character in the initiative line!!! ARGHGH!! ARGHGH! ARGHGH! ARGHHG! I have very strong feelings about this; I hate it when a cooperative game says “players choose”! (See my blog entry here about this: Resolving Ambiguity in Cooperative Games). They are SO CLOSE to getting it perfect; they should have use the leftmost character in case of ties! Done! So, this will be a house rule if you play with me …

This is a boss-battler; you (generally) have 3 minor combats on the way to a final combat with the boss! You have a decent chance of dying while you play … but there are many mechanisms for healing, and one-shot resurrections! This game really FEELS LIKE they want you to keep going! Even though the game is hard, there are enough mechanisms to keep you on-track … it almost feels like you have a DM who is trying to look out for you …

Campaign

To be clear, this is a campaign; you can see that designation on the cover.

The campaign is many Quests; see the quest book above! Each Quest is about 4 encounters long!

I said earlier that this game reminds me of Gloomhaven; and I stand by that. There is flavor text and story in the game … about as much as Gloomhaven (some story but it’s not the main emphasis). The main emphasis of the game is the tactical combat on the many different maps.

Each Quest (see the first one above) has about 4 encounters, and may actually span multiple maps. I would say each quest is “about” 2.5 hours to 3 hours? It depends on how much you know. Sure, my first quest was probably 4 hours, but it was a learning quest.

There IS an overarching story going on here! I gotta be honest, I kinda like the story! It feels very thematic and piratey! Each Quest, when you end, gives you upgrades and takes you to the next part of the story! The game DOES have a branching adventure … again, very much Gloomhaven.

The campaign and game feel very much a like a Gloomhaven style campaign; a story evolves, but the main emphasis is on the tactical combats (usually 4 encounters per Quest).

Upgrades

One of the best parts of this game is how many upgrades you see as you play!

We’ve already mentioned the Sea Blessings! You get a new Sea Blessing (from a deck of 5 you chose) after every encounter, so you get upgrades mid-quest to help you feel more powerful!

And at the end of every Quest, you get to upgrade your Sea Blessings so you can choose better ones! You can choose Sea Blessings that combo! You can choose Sea Blessings that fit your play-style! If each encounter is “about” 30 minutes each, that means you get a Sea Blessing every 30 minutes! It feels good to get those!

After some Quests, you get loot! See above.

After each Quest, you also usually get to upgrade an Action! See as Captain Mavra’s Tentacles Action is now level 2!

These upgrades follow you as you play; this is a campaign after all! You always feel like you are upgrading, which is a really great feeling!

Ships

Wait! There’s also ship-to-ship combat! No pirate game is complete without some ship-to-ship!

It’s not all the time, but on some quests, you must sail the Seven Seas! On Quest 3, I got to sail!

The sailing part of the game is VERY different! You have very different rules for shooting and ramming other ships! But, they seem fairly well-defined on just 2 pages of the rulebook! See above! You also don’t get Sea Blessing (boo hoo) in the sailing parts of the game. Or powers. You just do what your ship does!

If you flip your character card, you have a ship on the other side! When you sail your ship, you get to choose two things: your Crew and your Attack! See above as Captain Krog chooses a defensive crew (+3 defense) and Lightning as an Attack!

The basic combat still works, more or less, the same way! You have Initiative cards for your ships and the bad guys ships!

There’s a bunch of bad guys ships that come out (see above), each with their own weapons and weaknesses!

The sailing part of the game feels VERY different … but it still feels very piratey and thematic! I cheated a little bit to make sure I made it to the end. The good news is that, even if your ships sinks, it can come back … once. If all four pirate ships sink twice, well, then you lose. You probably will lose at least one ship, but it’s good to know you have at least one resurrect.

I liked the sailing part of the game; it really fit nicely in and really gave the game a lot of variety!

What I Liked

Art: I adored the art in this game. It’s VERY piratey and thematic.

Components/Minis. The components were all high-quality and worked really well. They looked really cool on the table.

Upgrades. Between new Sea Blessings between encounters and upgrades to Main Actions between Quests, you always feel like you are advancing and getting better. It happens quite a bit!

Sea Curse and Resolving Ambiguity: They almost got the ambiguity resolution perfect; the Sea Curse cards do a great job of helping describing attack resolution! See above! They unfortunately don’t say anything on “ties”: as a House rule, use the leftmost relevant player Initiative card to resolve ambiguity in case of ties.

Story: there’s not THAT much story, but I like what I have seen. The campaign seems well-defined.

Combats all feel different! Each combat, so far, feels very different! I rolled some barrels, I shoved into some spikes, I got drunk! sailed some ships! Everything I have seen feels just a little different and gives it a nice flavor. The Challenges really enhance that flavor too.

What I Was Annoyed Over

Dice Based: Combat is dice-based; it would remind you a lot of Dungeons & Dragons as you roll a 20-sided die and have to be over the enemy Defense. If you are rolling badly, you can just lose lose lose and it’s not fun. Sure, there are buffs, sure there are a lot of mechanisms to help you (two free resurrections!), and sure it’s just the nature of dice. I found that I had to cheat once of twice to keep the game going because of one or two bad rolls! This is one place where this is more like Dungeons & Dragons and maybe a little less like Gloomhaven.

Rulebook and Rules. There are a LOT of rules. I played a bunch of gams, and it felt like it took a while to converge to what the rules where. The rulebook is ok; it has an Index but it is incomplete (Area of Effect? AoE? Challenge?). I used it it a few times and it worked, and a few times and it didn’t. (When an Index doesn’t work, it means you have to linearly scan the entire rulebook to find a rule). I guess I’d rather have an Index that not, so maybe I’ll count that as a win.

Player Summary Cards. Seriously, only two Player Summary cards? And they are DIFFERENT? We needed at least four Player Summary Cards! My friends are fine sharing (we usually shared Player Summary cards, one per side of the table), but it was annoying to constantly be going back and forth.

Always Four Players: Gloomhaven did a great job balancing the game for different player counts; there were set-ups for 2, 3 and 4-player games! In this game, there must always be 4 pirates! It works, I understand why they did it, but it makes it harder to play the solo game (even with the comrades rule, you are still operating 4 pirates).

Conclusion

So, what’s a pirate’s favorite letter? C (for the Seven Cs!) for solo mode, and B (for Be eating lemons or you’ll get Scurvy) for the cooperative mode.

It’s probably a 7.5/10 for the solo mode; I still want to keep playing the solo campaign. I was a little bummed when I had to reset the campaign so I could play cooperatively with my friends (yes, you can reset the campaign). It wasn’t THAT much state to reset, and I have taken pictures to keep track of the decks (the state is mostly your choices for base Sea Blessings), but it was a little work. The worst part of the solo mode is just how much work it is to operate four characters AND the bad guys AND do maintenance! You can use the comrades cards to mitigate this work a little, but that gets rid of Sea Blessings which are arguably one of the best parts of the game. So, that workload for the solo players brings down the score a little.

I would absolutely recommend playing this solo for at least 3 Quests (partly so you see ship-to-ship combat) and to converge to the rules. There are a lot of rules, and the rulebook could have been better. The rules are mostly all there. I think diving right in to this with an uninitiated group is a recipe for disaster! Play it solo to learn it, then teach your friends.

Cooperative play is pretty darn good. 8/10. A lot of cooperation emerges as everyone discusses ways to get the best results using their pirates and traits! Each pirate is very different! It’s pretty clear that four players (one player per pirate) is the optimal way to play. I could see doing a 2-Player game (two pirates per player) or maybe a 3-Player game (one per, and a shared pirate?), but I always prefer when I get one character to focus on and inhabit. My group still want to keep playing, so we’ll be heading into the campaign for the next few weeks. So far, it’s been a hit.

A pirate’s favorite letter is R! ARGHHHHH when you are learning the game and coming up to speed with everything; it’s a lot of work. Once you get into it, I think you might enjoy it. Hopefully this review will help you see if this is for you.

Oh yes, this would make our Top 10 Cooperative Swashbuckling Games!

Cozy Stickerville: A Series of Fortunate Events

Without embellishment, I can honestly say that playing all the way through Cozy Stickerville has been one of my favorite gaming experiences of all time. It’s easily cooperative, it’s very engaging, it’s truly cozy as you and your friends work together to build a town.

I became aware of Cozy Stickerville from many sources. It turns out the designer of Cozy Stickerville (Cory Koniecza) designed my favorite games of 2023: The Initiative! See review here. So, I was super excited for this! I ended up ordering Cozy Stickerville directly from the website in early 2026 to get it as soon as I could. My friends were excited to play it; I presented the game as “Stardew Valley in a board game!” and my friends, especially Teresa (who is a big Stardew Valley fan) were excited.

The nature of this game meant we had to play it OUTSIDE our normal circles. What do I mean by this? Stardrew Valley … sorry, I mean Cozy Stickerville, is a legacy game lasting ten episodes. A legacy game mean means a couple of things: 1) we’ll be changing the state of game as we play and 2) The game spans multiple sessions, so we’ll have to make a committed effort to get the same group together to play again and again! My playgroups are fairly fluid; people come and go, work gets in the way, and it’s sometimes hard to always get the same group together. So, to play Cozy Stickerville, me and Sara and Teresa had to commit to playing all ten games together, even outside our normal gaming rotations.

Over the course of two months, we played “about” every two weeks, and playing two or three of the episodes of the ten episode arc.

Stickers!

If you aren’t quite sure what a legacy game is, it’s usually tearing up cards and/or adding stickers to things. In the case of Cozy Stickerville, they have completely embraced the sticker part of the game! The game comes with a huge book full of stickers; no joke, it’s about 12 page full of stickers! As you play new games, you add stickers to board and stickers to story points and stickers stickers stickers!

Cozy Stickerville is a game all about building your town. The stickers you put in the board help define the character of the town! The structures you build, the people you choose, the families, the businesses! You put people stickers, flower stickers, bird stickers, animal stickers … on your board! And this is what Cozy Stickerville is! It’s all about making decisions, as a group, about the town you want to build! The mechanism it uses to build the town is stickers.

Gameplay

Gameplay is pretty easy; there are twelve events per episode, and each player takes an event card (which usually forces a decision), and then gets to do “something” in town.

Sometimes the “something” is getting resources (you might need wood to build some business, you might need money to add a new building, you might need food to feed your people), and sometimes the something is adding a sticker!

Each turn is really simple; draw an event, deal with it, then do something. And that’s it! But it’s the conversations that come out of all this are what make this so fun! As a group, we decide what flavor of town we want to build! Each player still has agency on their turn, as they are the final arbiter of what they do on their turn, but we found that we were always talking and discussing!

Each single game (a single episode) only last about 15 to 20 minutes. And that’s it! That’s why we were able to play two to three games (episodes) per session.

To be clear, once we are done playing all ten episodes, the game is done. The game is full of stickers and you have defined your town (but see below).

Cozy

This is definitely a cozy game. It’s not taxing at all to play. It’s simple gameplay; it’s fun and silly to place the stickers. But it’s the overall experience that makes this cozy. Me and my friends are just hanging out, making little decisions about our town, and placing stickers. You might think it sounds “stressful” to build a town … oh, it is so not stressful. You just make little choices and see what happens.

This is probably the coziest game I have ever played.

Conclusion

I wasn’t quite sure where I would land on this, but I think I have to give this a 10/10. I had more fun playing this little silly game than anything I have played in a while. This game became something I looked forward to; it became an event! Teresa would make some crazy food from the Star Wars cookbook, or the Stardrew Valley cookbook, and we would eat and chat! We would reminisce about the last session, as we came up to speed on all the decisions we made!

Cozy Stickerville became an event in every sense of the word; we planned schedules around it, we planned food around it, and we looked forward to each session.

I have to admit to feeling a little sad once our final game was over. It was a fantastic journey and a series of fortunate events made this so fun. 10/10 for me and my friends, and probably my cooperative game of the year.

Appendix (It’s Not QUITE Over!)

It turns out, even after you are done, you can still play the game one more time! You flip the board over and build a new town using the stickers that are still leftover! All the decisions you made in the previous game exclude some of the cards from the game, but you can actually play it again!

Crime Unfolds: How Do You Express That?

Welcome back to Detective Month! Last week, we looked at the storybook cyber-noir detective game of LA-1! This week, we take a look at the Escape Room game of Crime Unfolds! A Pop-Up Escape Game 3D: Immersive Crime Game!

Every few months, my friends Charlie and Allison and I get together to play games … usually Escape Room games! They are my Escape Room buddies! This month, we are trying out the Crime Unfolds cooperative Escape Room game! Nominally, we are detectives solving a crime!

We’ll discuss our first impressions and thoughts on the Crime Unfolds system. It also brings up a few questions to ask yourself about Escape Room games. Why do you like them? Or maybe … Why do you dislike them?

Requires an App

Crime Unfolds requires an app! That is maybe the first thing you should know. Some people love Apps with their Escape Room games, and some people don’t. It’s really not clear by looking at the book that this requires an App. It’s not a big deal, as Charlie went and got one real quick.

There are 6 cases interspersed in this game. We started with case 1. We also, like many escape room games, started with lots of “random stuff we know will be useful later”.

Solve The Puzzle vs. Express the Answer

Over the course of one night. Charlie and Allison and Richie embarked on the first case! It’s supposed to take an hour … it took us more than two hours. And we are experienced Escape Roomers?? What Gives?

The problem we had over and over was not “how we do we solve the puzzle” but “how do you express the solution”? We easily solved a bunch of the puzzles, but inputting into the app was the main hurtle!

For example: At one point, we had “shifted” away from a screen that had the arrows for directionality, so we thought we had to express NSEW via UP/DOWN or North/South/East/West using letters on the command line? We lost at least 15 minutes … when we realized the App had those arrows in another screen. It was very frustrating! We had solved the puzzle, but the app had made is less than intuitive to enter.

We were pretty frustrated after this game, but after thinking about it overnight, I have come to realize that most puzzle games are like this! You have to do two things:

Solve the puzzle
Express The Solution

Solving the puzzle is usually the funner part, and some games make it very easy to express the solution. We loved Doomensions (see our review here), as expressing the solution was easy; it always took the same form as a 3 or 4 digit code. Here in Crime Unfolds, the solution expressed itself in so many different ways! Sometimes it was interacting with some widgets on the app! Sometimes it was saying the right thing at the command line interface! Sometimes it pressing the right buttons!

Our frustration with Crime Unfolds was how to express the solution! Many times during the game, we felt like we solved the puzzle, but couldn’t move forward because the solution wasn’t expressed in the way we expected it!

After cogitating on this some more, I realized this expressing the solution can be just as interesting as solving the puzzle! To express your solution, you have to change your perspective!! What’s the best way to express this solution? What’s the most thematic way to express this solution? What’s the perspective of the player in the game? All of these contribute to different ways to express the solution. To be fair, sometimes the expression of the solution is poorly done, and that’s just a frustration of this genre. I think if you reset your thinking that expressing the solution is part of the puzzle, then it can less frustrating. I realize how hard it can be to do in the heat of the moment, so it’s easy to say this.

To enjoy Crime Unfolds, you will absolutely have to enjoy thinking about new ways to express a solution to a puzzle.

Pop-Up Cool! But You Need A Magnifying Glass!

One of things that was very cool about Crime Unfolds was the pop-up scenes that came out of the book! It turns out 6 rooms in the book, and you take a turns visiting some of these rooms in each case. They look really cool! See above!

Unfortunately, some of the text/symbols on the board are hard to read! At one point, Charlie went and got his “fine work” magnifying glasses/helmet! We also used our phones to zoom in so we could see things!

The pop-up stuff works well, but be aware that you may have to really zoom on the board. There is just a little bit of “Where’s Waldo” and “I can barely see that” in this game.

Conclusion

Did we like Crime Unfolds? Yes and no. We only played one case, but we think it is fairly representative of what this game is. The pop-up system works and has a very “toy” and “fun” factor to it; that was something we definitely liked. We liked solving the puzzles but found expressing the solutions frustrating. I think, upon further reflection, that if you go into the game knowing expression the solutions is PART of the puzzle, that might help make that more enjoyable.

I hope I can talk Charlie and Allison into playing more cases from this book; I think there’s some fun puzzles here, but I hope we can just get over the frustrations when expressing the puzzle solutions.

RichieCon 2025 And Top 6 Interesting Games In The Last Year!

RichieCon 2025 had a lot of drama this year! We had to get a new venue this year because of … reasons.

If you want the long version of why we got a new venue, I encourage you to listen to “Tales of Horror” in the Dice Tower Podcast “Where Credit is Due” (timestamp 32:41, see link below)

At The Table with The Dice Tower – Where Credit is Due | The Dice Tower

New Venue

For RichieCon 2025, we had to go looking for a new venue. We ended up at Fruchthendler Elementary School!

This venue was great! It was a little expensive to rent it for two days, but it was spacious and easy set-up in! The cafeteria had plenty of tables!

It even had a stage which we used some presentations (see below).

The best part of the new venue was the sound baffling! The major complaint we always got from the Rec Center was how LOUD it was. With the Sound baffles all over the cafeteria, that was not a problem this year!

Because of the cost, we engaged a Sponsor to help defray the costs: Thanks to Return From Subroutine Games for helping out! See their website here!

Day -1: Getting Coolers

Because of the new venue, we don’t have a refrigerator any more! So, I had to put the call out to all my friends to get coolers to store drinks and perishables in! In the weeks leading up to RichieCon 2025, I collected about 10 coolers!

We actually ended up having too many coolers, but that’s a good problem to have!

Day 0: Boxception and Sleeve-It!

We end up playing some games as we get ready for RIchieCon … but they aren’t the funnest games in the world!

The Wednesday before RichieCon has become Boxception: The Cooperative Dexterity game of putting boxes in other boxes!

We end up putting about 200 games into 20 boxes over the night! (Some boxes have tons of games, some have just a few!)

We also spend some time playing “Sleeve-It!” In this case, Teresa played a solo game of “Sleeve-It!” with the Lord of the Rings Trick-Taking game!

Day 1: The Secret RichieCon House

A large contingent of people rent an AirBNB and stay near Fruchthendler so that it’s easy to go back and forth: it also is a great place to game before everyone arrives! Most of the out-of-towners end up here over the course of Friday before we have access to Fruchthendler!

Day 2: RichieCon 2025 Starts!

Day 3, The Last Day: RichieCon 2025

Top 6 Interesting Games Since Last Year!

On Saturday of RichieCon, we like to do a little show to bring the RichieCon Community together! In that show, we discuss some games that drew our attention since the last year. The purpose of this list is to give people some ideas of games to play for the remainder of RichieCon! Without further ado, here’s our 6 questions with answers from Richie, Kurt, and Sam!

#6: What game from the last year surprised you the most? Good or bad surprise?

Richie: The Secrets of Zorro. This fun little cooperative game didn’t have a very big Kickstarter, but me and friends really liked it! It’s quick, it’s fun, and very thematic! Good Surprise! See our review here to see if you might like it!
Kurt: Wandering Galaxy; disappointing given the awesomeness of Forgotten Waters & Freelancers Sam: Luddite. From watching the comic book into video on the wall in the man cave I was expecting it to be very story driven and thematic and RPG-like. It turned out to be a very fun roll and write that had none of that. See Richie’s review here.

#5: What game in the last year do you disagree with reviewers on?

Richie: Tales of Arthurian Knights. This game went over like gang-busters in my group, getting played multiple times and getting borrowed for birthday parties! All of my friends gave it a strong 8.5 (maybe 9), but the the Dice Tower seemed less enthusiastic and only gave it a 6 or 6.5. We were very surprised! We loved it! See our Review here.

Kurt: THE GANG! Tom Vasel didn’t like this game very much, but my group (Kurt’s group) loved loved this game!

Sam: Soul Raiders. Tom V. thought it was great end gave it an 8. I wanted to like it because it has great art and a great premise but ended up being too random and grindy for the story driven feel that it was giving off. My final score 5.5. See our thoughts here.

#4: What game (that you paid for) did you really dislike? It’s easy to dislike games other people paid for, but what did you pay for that you disliked?

Richie: I bought and sold two games because I disliked them so much. Corps of Discovery: in a game where one resource can mean the difference between winning and losing, the rules needed to be tighter. It didn’t land for me (I gave it a 4/10), but it might for you. The Dice Tower and other reviewers seem to like this game (9/10), so try it for yourself to see if you might like it. See our thoughts here. I also wanted to like Freedom Five sooooooo muuuucch, but I ended up hating it and selling it. I am still very depressed about this: see our very different review here.

Kurt: Bear Mountain Camping Adventure. It’s all Richie’s fault; he pointed me at the game! I backed it, but when it came in, it wasn’t fun even though the production was gorgeous.

Sam: I don’t actually have one this year… Perhaps because I’ve been both buying and playing less this year I’ve been more selective (sorry Rich) and haven’t both bought and played a game I didn’t like. EDITOR: to be fair, part of Rich’s job is to review games, so he’ll take chances more

#3: What game that came out in the last year that you liked but other’s didn’t?

Richie: Dice Throne Missions/Dice Throne X-Men. I loved this new system that makes the Dice Throne game work solo and cooperatively, but my friends didn’t love it nearly as much. See our thoughts here.
Kurt: Link City. This is pointed at Rich: he said he didn’t like it. (EDITOR: To be fair, I didn’t love it as much as other people, but I recognized that lots of people did, so it still made the Top 10 Cooperative Party Games of 2024!)
Sam: Ecosfera. This one is the opposite for me – I didn’t like playing it 2 player because it felt like my turns were basically scripted and I had no agency. However others in the group enjoyed it at higher player counts. See the review here to see what Sam’s talking about!

#2: What was your favorite expansion that came out in the last year?

Richie: Aeon’s End: The Descent. Aeon’s End is a great cooperative deck-building game with mages working together fighting the Big Bad. Aeon’s End: The Descent is a standalone expansion in the same universe, but adds the The Friends and Foes module! This module makes Aeon’s End a little more balanced as it tends to mitigate the Variable Turn Order problems! See our review here for more discussion.

Kurt: Forest Shuffle (Alpine & Woodland Edge)
Sam: Townsfolk Tussle: Foul Neighbors. We played with the expansion characters and bosses and it worked great. Our final battle ended in the perfect cartoon way of pushing the plunger on the dynamite and blowing up both the outhouse and the big bad in one shot. (EDITOR: It was so fun! That’s why it made our Top 10 Cooperative Expansions of 2024!)

#1: What was your favorite game that came out in the last year?

Richie: Marvel United Season 3/Multiverse. It’s not even close: I spent so much time playing the content of Season 3 and I had so much fun. Sentinels of the Multiverse used to be my favorite game of all time, but I think Marvel United has supplanted it!

Kurt: Tie: Fromage & Fellowship of the Ring Trick taking game

Sam: Limiting to only those released in the last year: Fellowship of the Ring trick taking game. It’s light, fast, thematic to the story, plays well, and is easy to just keep playing and lose track of time while going through the different chapters. Expanding to played no matter release date: Imperium (specifically classics). I really enjoyed how each civilization feels and plays differently from each other even though they all share common market decks and basic mechanics.

Solsbury Hill

It’s become a tradition that every year, Joe must sing a parody song and make everyone laugh. This year, I helped and together Joe and I penned the parody Fruchthendler (sung to the tune of Solsbury Hill) as a means to vent our frustration of getting unceremoniously kicked out of the Rec Center. It’s mostly meant in jest, but with a little heartfelt sentinement! We also had the audience participate with Kazoos. No joke. Thanks for Mike H. for directing the world’s greatest kazoo group! See lyrics below, and video below that!!!

Fruchthendler – sung to the tune of Solsbury Hill

Driving up to Fruchthendler
I could see the parking lot
Left the public defender
Firebird is our new mascot (Firebird is the mascot of Fruchthendler Elementary school)

This was something of a mess,
Called HOA, they had disclosed
Richie Con would be suppressed
Through attrition, I got hosed

I called Cthulu in frustration
The Swim Team cancelled my reservation,
It’s like that game of Gloom Gloom Gloom,
“Joe”, I said,
“Grab your games, we’re going to clone the zone”

Yeah, clone some zones

The Aquatics had made me blind
The chlorine spewed out from my guts
Our holy grail had been maligned
Our old game venue had been cut

So I bravely ran away
Quest to find a new place to hut
With my minstrels Joe and Mike
And where’d you get them coconuts?

I was feeling down in chicanery

Highly Overbearing Authority (stop song in cheesy fashion to point out that we satirically re-acronymed HOA)
They won that game of Gloom Gloom Gloom”
“Mike”, I said,
“Grab your games, we’re moving Richie-Con”

Hey –like your mom…

Found a new place to play our games
It’s probably when we want to be
Because of HOA I have no claims
To a place I thought was free

Screwed by faceless bureaucrats
Who close their gates to my party
Add one to my gaming stats–
In their pool, I will pee –soon as I saw “pee,” I had to go there…

I’m not afraid of their displacement
Even if I have to pay rent
I won that game of Gloom Gloom Gloom
“Kurt”, I said,
“Keep your games, and come to Richie Con!”

“Wha!”

“Hey!”

“Con!”

Most Played Games

Terraforming Mars: Ares Expedition was played quite a bit! I personally saw at least 3 plays of it!

By far the most played game was Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring Trick-Taking game! We had sleeved it just before, and it was good thing we did! It was pretty much always being played!

I saw Lon teaching Nana (Japanese version of Trio) quite a bit!

I saw Aeon’s End: Descent played a number of times!

Weird Games

Lon brought a lot of weird games from Japan.

DroPolter (above) was this weird one like Jacks where you grab things on the table, but can’t drop anything!

Toy Story is a cooperative memory game ONLY in Japan! It was my birthday present!

Nana is the original Japanese game that’s the inspiration for Trio!

There were several RPGs going too!

Kurt R. brought the original Dark Tower game … and it worked! Did you know that they stored the values in BCD in 128-Nibble RAM memory? Josh looked it up! This game is from 1981!!!

Conclusion

After all was said and done, was it worth it? I think so! I got to see friends from out of town and play games with everyone for my birthday, and that’s what I wanted!

What will happen next year? I really don’t know! This was a very expensive and stressful year because of the events leading to the venue change. I love the new venue, but it is expensive. Will we come back? Come back next year and find out!

Santorini: Pantheon Collector’s Edition and Riddle Of The Sphinx Review, Mostly the Solo and Cooperative Experiences

Santorini: Pantheon Collector’s Edition and Santorini: Riddle of the Sphinx both arrived at my door February 28th, just in time for weekend!

These were originally on Kickstarter back in April 2023, and promised delivery May 2024: so it’s not quite a year late, but it is pretty late. At least it finally made up! I have been waiting a while for this game: it was #8 on my Top 10 Anticipated Cooperative Games of 2024!

I was very excited for Santorini: Riddle of the Sphinx (which we’ll just call Riddle of the Sphinx from now on), as it promised to take the base game Santorini and make it into a solo and cooperative experience!

However, Riddle of the Sphinx is an expansion: you must have one of the Santorini base games to play it (for some of the components). This particular Kickstarter offered up the “deluxe” Santorini: Pantheon Collector’s Edition, so that’s the one I backed.

I ended up playing pretty much all weekend, so let’s see how that unraveled! Was this worth the wait?

Day 1: The Game Arrives and Santorini Gets Played!

February 28th, 2025: The package arrives with both games!

The acrylic tokens bag opened up and spread them everywhere … make sure you pick up all yours!

You can’t play Riddle of the Sphinx until you know how to play the base game of Santorini. So, that’s where we started.

This edition has quite a bit of extra stuff.

The white blocks and domes are the key components to the game: these are what gets built on the main board. Those little white blocks have quite the toy feeling!

These blocks are the main pieces that will be shared with Riddle of the Sphinx.

There’s some neat bags with lots of components. A lot of these aren’t necessary for the main game.

But the workers (in the blue bag) are important; they are what moves around the map.

The purple bag has a lot of stuff … that I don’t think you will need until you play a LOT of Santorini and want more content.

The most important piece for the main game is the board (packed upside down).

It looks gorgeous!

There’s even a lazy susan for it to rotate on!

There are some God Cards here (God Cards give each player special powers). We need these cards for the base game, but we will NOT need them for Riddle of the Sphinx.

This is a really nice production. It just looks gorgeous. I probably spent too much money to get the deluxe Pantheon Collector’s Edition, but it looks nice.

The rules are hidden on the bottom of the box!

Normally, I would give rules that take up the whole box an F on the Chair Test, but since the rules are ALL ON ONE SIDE, I am going to give this an A! The rules lay out and are easy to consult!!

These rules are succinct and terse, but still pretty darn clear. The game can be described in one page!

There’s a really nice little “first game set-up” which takes you through your first step or two of Santorini with Demeter vs. Artemis!

As you play your first game (I played Me vs Me), you get a sense how everything works. And the buildings that pop-up look really cool! See above!

At the end of my first game, I felt like I understood the mechanisms! This was a simple abstract strategy game that looks really cool! I see why Santorini has survived in the board game zeitgeist for so long! It’s easy to play, easy to describe, easy to learn, but has tons of interesting and strategic decisions. This is a neat game.

For the record, I do want to mention that it’s not too hard to pack everything back into the box … there’s a little graphic on the side that shows how to do that!

So, I was able to play and learn the base game! I look forward to learning Riddle of the Sphinx tomorrow!

Day 2: Unboxing and First Games of Riddle of the Sphinx

First thing Saturday morning, March 1st, I woke up and was excited to get to Riddle of the Sphinx!

It turns the competitive base game of Santorini into a co-op and solo game!

Riddle of the Sphinx has a weird form factor: see above.

It’s a very wide box that opens like a book: see above (with Coke can for perspective).

The Acrylic tokens replace the cardboard tokens.

Off to the left are the bridges, figures, dice, and cards. I am glad I took a picture of this, because when I went back to repack the game, I had to consult my pictures!

The rulebook … is huge. Not from a length perspective, but huge as in “the form factor of this book is very wide and very tall!“

This rulebook completely fails the Chair Test as it droops over the edge and makes it very hard to consult on the chair next to me. See above.

The standard workaround for rulebooks this big is to put them across TWO CHAIRS, with the spine in the middle. (We first discovered this “workaround” when we looked at Batman: Gotham City Chronicles: see here). This makes it so can consult the rulebook on the chairs next to you. Sigh: this rulebook has a terrible form factor! It’s far too engulfing!

The weird thing is, you almost don’t need the rulebook???? The Book of Riddles (which we’ll discuss below) has an EXCELLENT tutorial built in!

The Book of Riddles (see above) is the main component of this expansion. There are 22 “riddles” in here which the player(s) must solve!

The Book of Riddles throws you into the first game with some pretty pictures and flavor text …

A quick note: we’ll be playing solo, which means we have some weird special rules. We have to have a figure called the “Wanderer” whose sole purpose is to make sure we never do the same action twice in a row!

The Wanderer is the middle guy (we’ll see the Sphinx and other dude later).

Using the Wanderer, the solo player selects an action each turn (one of the four above), but can never choose the same action twice in a row.

The first Scenario is Sunshine and Seashores: see above!

The opposite side of the page has a painfully precise (in a good way) description of how to play the first riddle! This is a complete, step-by-step run-through of a winning game so you can see how all the rules work together! This tutorial is a fantastic way to learn how Riddles work!

The only thing you “really” need from the original Santorini box are the blocks and the workers. That’s it! See above! All that other stuff you saw as I unboxed Santorini: Pantheon Collector’s Edition? Completely useless here!

In fact, I made the mistake of thinking we needed the original board (above right) when I played my first game! Nope!

Riddle of the Sphinx has its own God Cards: see Base Gods above and Friendly Gods below!

There’s even a notion of Blessings that comes out in later games!

The Gods are a little different here; you kind of use them up and throw them away!!

The Gods give you powers, but if you complete their quest (at the bottom of the card), you (usually) get a new piece you can build. Why is that so important?

Riddle of the Sphinx is a game about scarcity. You don’t have all the pieces you need to build your towers and edifices, so you have to earn them as you play. By having Gods complete their quests, you get new pieces so you can build as you need to.

The coins on the map describe what you need to build: see above as I need to build a level 1 building underneath the coin to get it!

And then I do!

The coin goes to the top (or bottom) of the page to denote you have “finished” that subgoal. Usually, you need to get all Gold coins to complete the Riddle, and all the Silver coins give you extra help/bonuses.

See above as we build everything, as we try to understand how to solve a Riddle! It’s all about building towers when pieces are scarce! You have to earn the pieces to build what you need!

I need to be clear here; this tutorial is great! I jumped right in and was able to start playing right away! The tutorial held my hand for the first game, and then threw me into my second game. And I was felt so comfortable jumping in after that!

See above for an example of how good that Tutorial is!

After the Tutorial is Riddle 1! As I jumped into Riddle 1, they added some new rules: The Sphinx’s game!

The Sphinx’s Game allows you to roll the dice and “hopefully” get one of the gems! If you get a gem, you get free piece to build! If you fail (because the gem is gone), you lose a worker!

Just like our Tutorial, the game board does a real good job describing set-up on the same page as the Riddle itself. It’s interesting, I don’t think I ever looked in the rulebook for any rules in the first few games: almost everything I needed was presented in the set-ups of the various riddles.

Look how great this looks: see above.

At the end of Day 1, I unboxed Riddle of the Sphinx and played through two scenarios solo; this gave me the sense of how everything worked.

This is a puzzle; you have to figure out when to build, when to recruit god powers, when to finish a god quest (so you can get more pieces), and when to finish the Riddle (which usually means building a tower on a gold piece place!).

Day 2: Campaign and More Play

So, Riddle of the Sphinx is kind of a campaign game. Included in the rulebook are two pages per campaign: The Adventure Map and the Constellation Tree.

The Adventure Map has you “mark” off bubbles on how well you did when you finished a puzzle. (There are multiple conditions you can satisfy, see below).

See above as there are Silver, Gold, and Heroic (above) conditions you can satisfy. Godlike not pictured.

The bubbles you mark off in the Adventure Map corresponds to how many bubbles you can mark off in the Constellation Tree! See above! Basically, the Constellation Tree unlocks what are called Friendly Gods! The more Friendly Gods you have, the more control you have when you attempt a puzzle (remember, God powers are pivotal to doing the riddles, especially if the powers are useful).

Rather than sully my pristine books, I went to make a copy of the two pages … well, it’s too big for my copier, but you CAN just print them directly from Roxley’s web site. So, to play a campaign, you need both pages (see above). After every Riddle, you mark off how many achievements you did! And then you can “maybe” unlock a Friendly God or two!

I used a pencil (see above): Warning! You should probably use a red marker or something VERY distinct. It’s REALLY HARD to tell what you marked with a pencil. Can you tell above? Even zoomed in, I can barely read it! Learn my mistake, use a more “colorful” writing implement so you can see the marks.

So, the first part of my Sunday was getting the Campaign maps marked up for my first few games, when I headed into more puzzles!

At one point, the Sphinx even made an appearance!

By the end of Day 3, I had played 6 Riddles and started my way into a solo campaign.

This is a puzzle; make no mistake about it. It’s more puzzle than game. I loved it. You may not.

Cooperative Play

So, this is different week: I am at Dice Tower West and not with my normal gaming group. I brought Riddle of the Sphinx with me to play it cooperatively with “some people”. My core game group and I have a base level of trust and respect, so cooperative games are easy for us to jump into. Sometimes, it’s a little harder to jump into a cooperative game with people you don’t know. How did that go for us with Riddle of the Sphinx?

I met a real nice fellow named Charles. He and I had a very frank discussion about the Alpha Player problem before we started the game. I worry, since this is more of a puzzle than a game, that Riddle of the Sphinx might drift towards having Alpha Players take over.

From our very frank discussion, we made it clear that we would be supporting each other but still occasionally having suggestions: no Alpha Playering. I admit, I had never thought of this solution to the Alpha Player problem: just talk about it and agree to not do Alpha Player each other. And you know what? That worked fine!

Charles and I started from scratch and played the first 4 riddles (plus tutorial) in about 2 hours. We had a good time and got some riddles done. (Since I had played solo previously, I was able to shepherd the game and make it much faster to teach and learn).

Two observations came up during co-op play:
1) Even though this is a puzzle (which tends to attract the Alpha Player more), because we have God Powers (i.e., assymetric powers: Charles had Asklepios, see above, and he was pivotal!), it’s harder to Alpha the other players because all the God Powers are very different. It’s not impossible, but it does make it harder to keep track if each player is cycling through God Powers fairly quickly.

2) You can solve the game without burning your brain(s). In a convention environment, you just want to have fun and play. If you “ignore” the silver goals and just concentrate on “winning” a game, you can just do the gold goals, and the game isn’t too hard. It becomes a lot harder if you want to do ALL the silver goals! You can adjust the level of difficulty of the game as you are playing! You can choose to just go for the win, OR you can choose to get as many objectives as you want! The former is a more “light-and-fun” mode, whereas the latter is a more “brain-burny” mode.

So yes, because this is more of a puzzle, it could have easily turned into an Alpha Player experience. But, between diverting the Alpha Player with a frank discussion, and having the asymmetric God Powers, the Alpha Player Problem wasn’t a problem.

The puzzle was fun cooperatively.

Curse and Blessing

One of things that blew me away was how easily I was able to learn the game as I wen by reading the little blurbs on the board: see above as a Riddle 3 game introduces “Blessings” and “Friendly Gods” to the base game. I mean, this was absolutely a fantastic way to learn the rules. New rules are explained AS THEY COME out, and it makes sense.

… until I turned the page and started working on the next puzzle. “Wait, what were the rules for Blessings again?” Once I had set-up the next puzzle, I couldn’t go back and re-read that rule. Frustratingly, the rulebook sometimes didn’t have this same text. How do I look up that rule again? I did go to BoardGameGeek a few times, and I did Google some things.

This way of learning is both a blessing and a curse. It’s a blessing because it’s so easy to jump right in, and the rules are on the page themselves! It’s a curse because you can’t go back and re-read those rules once you’ve set-up the next puzzle.

The rulebook probably should have replicated the on-page instructions from the Adventure book in the rulebook (or somewhere). The same text I used the learn the rule would help me solidify the rules in my head. If you feel like you CAN’T go back, it’s frustrating. Imagine in a classroom:

“Teacher, could you explain the Blessings rule again? I didn’t quite get it.”
“No, that’s on a blackboard in another classroom.”

I found the rulebook, especially for the Riddle of the Sphinx to not be great at helping me find rules and disambiguations. See next section for another example!

Occupied/Unoccupied

One rule that particularly seemed frustrating was the occupied rule. You can’t build a piece on a space that’s occupied. Or move onto a space that’s occupied. In the base game, the only things that can occupy spaces are workers/figures or blocks/domes. Is a coin or a blessing on a space considered occupied? Physically, yes!! That coin or blessing coin is physically occupying the space, so it prevents me from moving there, right? Intellectually, I think the idea is that the coins/blessings are just goal markers, so they are NOT occupying, just notating!!

It wasn’t until 100% clear until Riddle 5, when one of the workers actually started on a space with the Coin (bottom left, blue worker), that coins don’t block you. It’s pretty clear you can move through coins, I think, if you can start on a coin.

The rules for Riddle of the Sphinx, and especially Santorini, are brief and succinct. But I think they omit some clarity. A few more sentences here and there would have helped. This particularly issue seemed vexing, and I felt like I was “cheating” if I moved through/onto a Coin. “It’s physically blocking me … should be it a game blocker too?” I think that it is NOT a blocker but a notation … it could have been clearer.

Things to Watch Out For

Magnetic Clasp Not Secure: The binding holding the Riddle of the Sphinx box closed is a magnetic clasp. It did’t feel very secure; I would recommend a rubber band or something to hold it more secure. See above for my rubber band solution.

Use Bright Marker: When you mark bubbles on the Constellation Tree or the Adventure Map, don’t use a pencil like I did (see above). Use a sharpie or red marker or something that really stands out.

Print out: Rather than sully your Adventure book, just print out a copy of the Adventure Map and Constellation Tree from your printer. See above. Not only do you keep your original books pristine, the copies from your printer will be on paper that you can actually write on (the paper from the original is very slick).

Conclusion

Riddle of the Sphinx is clearly more puzzle than game. There are elements of randomness that make it more gamey (which base gods do you get, do you risk rolling a die, etc), but in general: this a puzzle. You need to know that before going in; you may love the idea of a solo or cooperative puzzle using the base rules of Santorini! You may hear that it’s a puzzle to solve and run screaming. Do what you will.

The solo game worked really well; it’s easy to come back to because the rules are pretty straight forward, and it’s easy to save in campaign mode. You can play as much or as little of the campaign as you want.

The cooperative game can succumb to the Alpha Player problem if you aren’t a little careful; Riddle of the Sphinx is a puzzle after all is said and done, and puzzles tend to bring out that Alpha Player. We suggest having a frank discussion about the Alpha Player problem (it worked for us), or just play with a group you already trust and respect. The rapid cycling of asymmetric God Powers did help alleviate the Alpha Player problem a little.

I would absolutely play Riddle of the Sphinx again as a solo game; it’s like an 8.5 or 9 out of 10 for me. It was really fun, and the components were great. The cooperative game, I would play again, because you can adjust the difficulty as you play. I would, however, be very cautious of the Alpha Player issues before I suggested Riddle of the Sphinx to a group, just because, as a puzzle, it’s too easy to fall into the Alpha Player trap. That trap make it a little harder to get out as a cooperative game, so maybe it’s a 7.5 or 8/10 for a cooperative game. It’s fun, it’s adjustable, but you have to be a little careful.

Good game.

An Odd Little Duck! A Review of Cyber Pet Quest!

Cyber Pet Quest is a cooperative boss-battler campaign game. This game was on Kickstarter back in April 2024, and it promised delivery in October 2024. My copy arrived late October just before Halloween, so it arrived right on time! Congratulations to Dead Alive Games for shipping on time!

My version is the deluxe version with lots of little Kickstarter extras (see above).

This is a smallish game, but it still has a 6+ chapter campaign game contained therein!

Let’s take a look!

Unboxing

This is a small game: see the can of Coke for perspective.

Yet, there’s quite a bit crammed into this box!! See above! So, what is this game all about?

Players each take the role of the cyber pets (above, left-to-right): Roman the Canadian Goose, Clay the Australian Cattle Dog, Freya the North American Racoon, and Jane the Bionic Cat!

You can choose to pick up the pet minis, but I prefer the wooden meeples that come with the game (much like Run Run Run! from a few weeks ago!) Wooden meeples for the win!

Players embark on a 6+ campaign (starting with chapter 0 to get you acclimated) working together to find their master! The campaign is all documented in the little book that comes with the game. It’s a tiny but long (at 108 pages) book describing the rules and the campaign.

Each cyber pet is actually quite different! The cards (above) describe the differences: how many Dodge dice, how many hit points, what actions you can take and their costs, and their special powers! If you look closely, you can see that each pet is very different than the others!

For example, see above for the Actions of Freya with their cost!

Each cyber pet gets a nice dual-layered board for marking energy, luck, hot points, and “sneak status”.

On a cyber pet’s turn, it is either sneaking (metal name token above turned upside down) or in AGGRO mode. When sneaking, most things cost more energy (except for healing which is cheaper) and that pet can’t attack! When the pet has the AGGRO token (bigger metal token), it may attack … but the bad guys are naturally drawn to it AND it takes one more damage from them! Choosing when to sneak and AGGRO is an important strategic part of the game!

There are bad guys to fight: this is a boss-battler after all! The bad guys are the red, green, blue, yellow and BIG BOSS pink meeples! See above!

You generally have 4 CyMS (Cyber-Memetic Sociopaths) … these are generally “the minions” of the big bad boss. See above as we choose 4 for the start of the game! (That dual layer board with the CyMS is the top of the box. …. what??)

Each Chapter on the campaign happens in a group of Location cards: See above for the apartment (where the cyber pets live and start on space 1).

Each Location generally has some items of interest (like the Massage chair) where you have to “interact” or “look at it” to activate it!

Once the cyber pets get comfortable with the mechanics of the game (chapter 0), the CyMS come out! See above as the cyber pets try to get out of the apartment with the CyMS chasing them!

Over the course of the game, you get many things to help you in your quest to find your master! Sometimes you get Items like above (which are one shots) …

Or you may get extra powers that help you! See above as Roman gets a Level 2 power!

There’s also “Charms” which are permanent items that are usually powered by the “luck” resource.

Finally, each cyber pet levels up as they get further into the campaign See above as Roman is on Level 3 … which influences his hit points, powers, and actions!

At the end of most chapters, the pets get some kind of upgrade, and usually it’s a choice! Level up the character card? Get a charm? Get one of two powers? The pets really do feel like they get better as you play!

This is a boss-battler, so there will be big-bad bosses that you fight long the way! See above for the bosses you may encounter!! The story has a few turns along the way, so you may not see all the bosses on your first play-through!

In the end, the components are a little small so they can fit in the smaller box, but they are all well-labelled and very readable I have played through at least one full campaign, and I never had a problem with the smaller components: they are quite nice for this little game. The theme is a bit odd with cyber pets. And the game is surprisingly small. So, this is an odd little duck of a game! (EDITOR: maybe better said, this is an odd little goose … since Roman is a GOOSE not a duck …)

Rulebook and Campaign Book

The rules and campaign are all found in this little spiral bound notebook of about 108 pages (yes, 108 pages!). See the Coke can above for perspective: I wanted to point out how little the rulebook is!

This is about a B or B- on the Chair Test: I can leave the rulebook open on the chair next to me while I am playing , but the form factor is just a little too small; the font is just a little too small to be well-readable. Since the spiral notebook stays open, we leave the grade in the “B” region, as it is still very usable.

Now, the rulebook doesn’t have an index or glossary (booo!), but it does have a nice Table of Content (see above).

The rulebook is replete with Story! It starts off with a nice intro (see above), and continues a story (I should hope so with 108 pages of rules and campaign!).

Although there are pictures of most of the major components, there are aren’t a lot of pictures of set-up except the one above. There were MANY MANY time where the rules referred to some component, and I just had to guess which it was (I found the sleeper components, I think I found the Horde token, but I never found the Hack tokens).

The rules were okay. There were a lot of time when I really wish there had been further elaborations of some of the rules. Many times, I just make the best call I could knowing the basics of the game.

There’s a lot of cute story here, the rules are pretty good at getting us going, but there were just too many times when things were underspecified (which token? Explain this rule please?) so I can’t call this this a good rulebook.

It was adequate to pretty good. I was able to play the game and move forward quickly most of the time.

Solo Rules

So, Cyber Pet Quest does support solo play! (Thank you for following Saunders’ Law!)

Unfortunately, the solo mode for Cyber Pet Quest is “play and operate all 4 Cyper Pets!” In fact, at any player count, all 4 Cyber Pets must be in the game at the same time!

Some of you might remember Set A Watch: Forsaken Isles from earlier this year: it’s solo mode also has the players operate all four characters at the same time! See above!

It’s not that uncommon to have the solo gamer play all four characters: recall that both X-Men: Heroes Resistance and Marvel Zombies: Hero Resistance also have the solo player play all four positions! See above.

In Set A Watch, although we initially had our reservations about the 4-character solo mode, it really grew on us and became the default way we played the campaign game Set A Watch: Doomed Run! See above. This is because the Set A Watch characters are simple enough that it’s not too much work to context switch between them.

Marvel Zombies: Heroes Resistance is harder to play solo with 4 characters because the characters get more and more complicated as the game goes on.

Cyber Pet Quest sits somewhere between Marvel Zombies: Heroes Resistance and Set A Watch. At the beginning of the campaign, it’s pretty easy to context switch between the Cyber Pet characters as they don’t have too many powers, items, charms or actions. So, the initial games are easier to play. But later in the campaign, after each character has levelled-up significantly, each character has a wide array of Powers! Charms! Actions! Each character gets MUCH harder to play, as there so much to do!

See above as the characters have so many cards in the final game: Powers, Charms, Items!!! I admit, the sheer amount of options for each character does get overwhelming … BUT … as the solo player, I have been playing and upgrading the characters by myself! It’s gratifying to see all the characters get better. I think since they have been levelling up gradually (between campaigns), it doesn’t feel that bad. I think it’s actually harder in Marvel Zombies: Heroes’ Resistance to deal with the powers creep as the characters go up quickly in the same game! At least with Cyber Pet Quest, you have a chance to become familiar with the new powers/abilities between games.

Still, there is a lot of context switching between characters as you play. I can recommend playing the first Chapter 0 solo to see if you think you can handle this 4 character solo mode; even if you don’t like this solo mode, the Chapter 0 solo mode makes it easy to learn the base mechanics to teach your friends.

I have to say, despite the complexity of the 4-character solo game, I had fun! I found myself playing through the entire 6+ campaign game in a solo mode last weekend! Wait, what?? It so easy to play each game, it was fun to level-up, it was interesting to see what happened next. I must admit, I am a little surprised I ended up playing the entire campaign solo last weekend! But I was having fun! And the fact that each chapter is under an hour contributed to that.

Cooperative Play

Cooperative mode is a little bit more fun than solo mode: for one, you have more people controlling the 4 Cyber Pets! Above, Teresa and I split up the Cyber Pets so that she was operating two (Roman and Freya) and I was operating two (Jane and Clay). I do think it’s interesting that we got very invested in our characters; so much so that we really did know them by name!

This is a light cooperative campaign, where cooperation seemed to happen pretty naturally. Clay was VERY good at taking out the CyMS, while Freya was VERY good at dealing with items and passing them around. Jane was the mover, getting to far-away stuff and distracting the CyMS. And finally good old Roman was good at doing a little bit of everything! We focused on each pet’s strengths and naturally felt empowered and potent as we moved around the apartment.

The game is light and fun! I suppose the best recommendations we can give this game is

1) I am playing it again cooperatively EVEN though I have already gone through the entire campaign!
2) We are planning to play more games (cooperatively) in the future

In a family situation, I can see this “4 characters” working out okay! Maybe give the “favorite” character to the little ones (Teresa really liked Roman, so she got Roman), but they can still give input as how the rest of the pets work. In other words, assign the pets in the way that brings the kidlets in the most! And the “adults” can just make sure the game stays on track!

What I Liked

Game Length: Even though this is a campaign game, I like that each chapter feels “doable” in under an hour. The game box says the game is 30-45 minutes and that’s about right! (Oh! And you can jump into any single game of the campaign if you want a one-shot! There’s a nice page that describes “get theses upgrades for set-up if you just want to play a single session!”)

Sense of Humor: This game is kind of light and fluffy; it has a sense of humor! See above as one of the cards is Red Dog Energy! And there is a Cat Videos on the Internet item as well! This is a campaign game, but it’s light enough that the game never feels “overwhelming”. It just kind of fun.

Readable: I was very worried, since this game was so small, that the components would suffer readability issues. Although I wish the rulebook was bigger, in general, everything was readable at the small size!

Story: The story is quite cute and keeps you in the game. It’s a light story, but still engaging.

Upgrades: At the end of each chapter, there are SO MANY ways you can get upgrades! Charms! Powers! Levelling-Up! And you get choices: Level 1 or Level 2? Side A or Side B? It feels really great to be moving foward and making so many choices! We saw a lot of this same feeling in Tidal Blades 2: Rise of the Unfolders from a few weeks ago!

Cooperation: There were a number of mechanisms in the game that encouraged cooperation. The Pet Collars that you got in the very beginning allowed Cyber Pets to do extra stuff, but only if they were close to other pets! This made for interesting tensions! And many times, there were things to interact with that required TWO cyber pets in the same round to do something! I liked that! It felt like the pets were cooperating to get stuff done!

What I Didn’t Like

Underspecified: As the campaign gets further and further along, it feels like there are more and more places where the game needs a little more elaboration/specification. The final villain you fight has some real questions about how to operate him (Do you round up or down when you halve? How many hit points does he have?), and these kind of questions came up more than they should have during the game. As an experienced gamer, I know when to just make a ruling and move on. But I worry a family-friendly game like this might cause problems for families that aren’t as comfortable with under-specificity. Caveat Emptor.

4-Character Solo Mode: Although I had fun playing the solo mode, the fact that you always have to have all 4 Cyber Pets in play isn’t ideal. I made it work, I had fun, but it’s hard to recommend the solo mode with a 4-character mode.

Left-To-Right: Every set of Locations had the Cyber Pets move left to right. The topology was fixed in a straight line, and the pets almost always had to move all the way to the right from the left. Although this kept a lot of rules simple (with the AGGRO token and CyMS movement), it felt a little “constricting” that every single Location set “moved left-to-right”. It got a little tedious ALWAYS going left-to-right; I wish there had been some more topology to move around in. And I am tired of saying left-to-right.

Turn Order

The gameplay for Cyber Pet Quest has something of interest from turn order perspective: the game play alternates between pets and CyMS! It’s still variable, as you don’t know which pet is coming out or which CyMS is coming out, but it keeps the game balanced between the two! Recall we have discussed Variable Player Turn Order many times here at CO-OP Gestalt (see here for a culmination of that discussion)! The solution that Cyber Pet Quest employs against the problems of Variable Turn Order is the same as one from Adventure Tactics: Adventures in Alchemy: the Static Initiative Invariant. Basically, this just means we alternate between Heroes and Villains.

Now, I have to admit, even though I do like this solution overall, I was worried it might still be a little too random. But, I was pleasantly surprised when I saw the game introduce Charms and Powers and Items that would mitigate some of that randomness! See above as the Honk and Bonk Charm gives the pet some agency over turn order! As the game goes on, and the players become more powerful, they CAN affect the turn order!

So, I was happy to see both Static Initiative Invariant here as well as Power/Charms/Items to help the players control the turn order!

Conclusion

I like Cyber Pet Quest. I really didn’t expect to go through the entire campaign solo this last weekend, but I had so much fun playing, I went ahead and finished it! I like heavy campaign games like Tidal Blades 2: Rise of the Unfolders (from a few weeks ago), but sometimes it’s nice to have a light campaign game (like Cyber Pets Quest) that feels “finishable”: there’s only 6+ chapters to this game, and you can do it in a weekend! I am living proof!

There’s just enough wonkiness with the rulebook being underspecified that I worry non-gamers might get frustrated with the rules. Although there’s a lot of unique and interesting set-ups and interactions in the game, sometimes they aren’t that well-specified. Just be aware that you might have to make some rule judgements in order to move forward.

I think this game is better as a cooperative game, since it’s just easier to share control all four cyber pets with more players. But I still quite enjoyed the 4-character mode; but you have to be aware what you are getting into with all the extra context switching!

This is a fun little cooperative boss-battler for 1-4 players; it has a cute story and a light vibe that’s quite enjoyable. I’d give it a 7/10 overall: it loses some points for some of the rules wonkiness and limited left-to-right topology, but Cyber Pets Quest was an overall enjoyable experience!

RichieCon 2024 and Top Interesting Games Since Last Year!

RichieCon 2024 has come and gone! This year there were some twists and turns, but everything worked out in the end! For those of you who don’t know: RichieCon 2024 is the gathering of Richie and his friends … honestly, it’s just an excuse to play games every year! It’s not even really a Con, but we like to put a little pomp into it to make it sound more bombastic. This is actually the 10th year of RichieCon, but only the 9th actual convocation (as we skipped a year for CoVid).

This year’s RichieCon 2024 token is cool: it’s actually hollowed out and you can only see the year and RTS symbol if you hold it up to the light! See above! You need the Token to get into the Con, and it can only be obtained through “secret means!” (Find me or Max in the Hall). Thanks to Josh M. for designing it and Max M. for printing it!

The name RichieCon is a bit of a joke: I asked my friend Kurt many many years ago:
“Hey, you wanna go this board game convention that’s far away?”

Kurt said, “Man! That’s like a $1000 plane ticket and then a $1000 hotel bill! Why don’t you host your own convention and call it RichieCon! It’ll be a lot cheaper!”

And thus, RichieCon was born.

PreCon

The week before RichieCon is a lot of putting boxes in boxes. To have some semblance of order, I try to put related games in bigger boxes and label what’s in there. See the “hot games” box above!

Sam and Teresa and Sara usually come over and help me put everything together. A big thanks to those three for all their help this year! See some of the boxes we put together above!

RichieCon Day 0: Secret RichieCon House

RichieCon has a lot of out of town guests that come into town a day early (Friday) and randomly show up with no place to go. I learned many years ago that it’s nice to have a “secret” RichieCon house for out-of-town guests to hang out on Friday before the Con.

The “secret” RichieCon house is modeled after the out-of-towners dinner you have for out-of-town guests for a wedding. It’s a way to say “thank you” for coming from so far away! This year, we had guests from Portland WA, Austin TX, Denver CO, Phoenix AZ, Las Cruces NM, Albuquerque NM, and from as far away as Madison WI!

RichieCon Day 1: Morning Pivot!

RichieCon Day 1 hit a scheduling SNAFU, so we had to pivot and hold RichieCon Day 1 partly at the “secret” RichieCon house! I guess it’s not so secret anymore!

Thanks to everyone who helped me move boxes and boxes and boxes of games to the “secret” RichieCon house! I couldn’t have done it without Sam, Charlie, Jeremy, Joe, Kurt, and a bunch of other people I didn’t see moving boxes because I was so busy! RichieCon is a community effort!

RichieCon Day 1: Part II! This Time, It’s Personal

Once we got into the Rec Center for the second half of the day, many games were played!

RichieCon Day 2: More Games!

Sound Mitigation

If you have ever been to a board game convention, you know there is a lot of background noise. We had some issues last year with the background noise being too much, so we tried some sound mitigation techniques. Basically, the Rec Center has very hard sonic surfaces, so sound bounces and echoes a little too much. Luckily, the Rec Center bought a fairly large carpet (see above) to help with some of that.

We also bought 5 CostCo rugs (for $18 each) to augment the sound mitigation of the hard sonically bright floors. See above and below.

I also have some friends who work in theater and they were able to hang up up some “quilts” on the wall:

These quilts (see above) were hanging and absorbed some of the sound.

The general consensus was that the rugs and quilts all helped, but not quite as much as we hoped. We will probably hang more quilts and get more rugs for next year! Thanks to Becca and Jeff for providing the hanging quilts!

Games of the Con

I think the game of the Con was Slay The Spire! I saw this game played more than any other game! I think I taught it 3 to 4 times over the course of 3 days and it was played more time than that! See above!

Flock Together was pretty popular! I saw this played a bunch of times! See above!

The Cat Box was a running joke: “Play Games from the Cat Box!” But, there were a lot of games played from here! Race To The Raft! Cat In The Box! Hissy Fit! Power Hungry Pets! I saw all of those games played at least once!

The Astro Knight games were popular: I saw both the base game and Astro Knights Eternity being played! I suspect that’s my fault … see below …

Casting Shadows was quite popular! I think that was played at least 3 times!

The weirdest game I played was the RPG Fiasco: It reminded me a lot of Spirit of 77! The point is to make each other laugh as you make up crazy stuff!

Forest Shuffle may have the other big game of the Con after Slay The Spire: Kurt taught this game many many times! See above!

SO many great games played! Set A Watch! See above!

Leviathan Wilds was also quite popular! I taught that at least three times, and I saw other people playing it!

Interesting Games

Every year, we stop the Con for a little bit to have a “meeting of the souls” where we all talk about our favorite board games! It’s a chance for everyone to give feedback on games they’ve enjoyed since last we met!! The real point of this is to try to recommend games that people might be interested in. What happens is that we recommend games, and then we end up teaching them the rest of the Con!

#6 What game from the last year surprised you the most? Good or bad surprise?

Rich:

Slay The Spire was a huge surprise to me! I almost didn’t back it on Kickstarter, but wow! My games groups loved it and it was probably the most played game at RichieCon!

Sam:

– Hissy Fit. It’s a light, fast, cute game about getting your cat into the carrier to go to the vet. It is also surprisingly fun to play.

#5 What game in the last year do you disagree with reviewers on?”

Rich:

Two weeks ago, Daybreak won the Spiel Des Jahres. Everybody seems to love this game except for me. I generally love Matt Leacock designs, but this one felt way too random for me.

Sam:

Tom Vasel didn’t like Race to the Raft. However, I really enjoyed the puzzley nature of creating the path and moving the cats to get them all off the island.

#4 What game (that you paid for) did you really dislike? It’s easy to dislike games other people paid for, but what did you pay for that you disliked?

Rich:
The cooperative expansion for Valroc: The Legend of Aquiny. The base game of Valroc is a card-drafting, worker placement game that’s pretty good. The cooperative expansion looked cool with campaign envelopes, but the limited communication was too limited and the very very slow upgrade paths made this not fun. I would still recommend people try the base game Valroc.

Sam:

I picked up a copy of Call to Adventure (a story crafting game) and felt kind of meh about my plays of it. I’m hopeful that it may grow on me as I play more and actually get the rules all the way right.

#3 What game that came out in the last year that you liked but other’s didn’t?

Rich:

Gotham City Chronicles: Solo and Co-operative Expansion. This was so much work to get to the point where I could play solo (6 days of reading and printing and setting-up), but in the end I had fun. I don’t think most people like Gotham City Chronicles, especially Shut-Up & Sit-Down, because it’s so much work. But I still like it!

Sam:

Almost Innocent. I really enjoyed the logic puzzle aspect of it. Richie didn’t enjoy it but was also really tired that night and not necessarily sharp enough to do heavy logical deduction.

#2 What was your favorite expansion that came out in the last year?

Rich:
Set A Watch: the new stand-alone expansion and the Set A Watch: Doomed Run! (Strictly speaking, they came from the same kickstarter)! I love this system because even if you roll badly, you can still place dice on powers to activate them!

Sam:

– +1 on Set a Watch: Doomed Run. I only played one of the missions but it was fun to play the characters that were assigned to me and use their powers and items. The two I had ended up chaining together pretty well.

To be different:: Astro Knights Eternity. It’s a good cooperative deck building game and the story parts surrounding the scenario were really good too.

#1 What was your favorite game that came out in the last year?

Rich:

A cooperative bag-building super hero game set in the unique world of Invincicble? Sign me up! This game was so much better than I expected, the upgrade paths makes this game engaging and keep you involved!

Sam:

+1 to Invincible (Richie) and World Wonders (Kurt)

To be different: Age of Civilization. It’s a really tight worker placement game where you draft your unique civilization powers which include number of workers and then use your workers to research technology, get money, build wonders, and go to war to get victory points. Bonus points: it’s a small box, has good solo modes, and takes 45 minutes to an hour.

Theme Song

During the “meeting of souls” and sharing of games, Joe shared with us his version of the theme Song for RichieCon! Sung to the tune of the Suffragette City by David Bowie! And yes, the entire room said said “Hey Man!” at the appropriate places!

RichieCon City: sung to the tune of Suffragette City by David Bowie (new lyrics by Junkerman)

Hey Man, you gotta play in the game
Hey Man, custom pieces ain’t no shame!
Hey Man, your kickstarter is drear.
She said your package should be shipping by the end of the year

Hey Man, you really gotta choose
Hey Man, which game you gonna lose
Hey Man, you better learn all the rules
She said you’re getting killed by Sauron or the Cult of Cthulu

[Chorus]
Oh don’t lean on us man cuz you can’t defeat the wizard
I’m back in RichieCon City!
Well don’t lean on me man cuz you blew up all the kittens
You know my RichieCon City!
It’s outta sight, it’s alright!

Conclusion

As we bring all the games back to the house …

As we clean the Rec Center and put it back the way it was ..

And we lock the door .. heading home … we wonder …. was it all worth it?

Yes! It was! It so much fun to see everyone, despite the issues! We look forward to seeing everyone next year!

A place to talk about cooperative board and card games!

#10 Kinfire Council + Winds Of Change Cooperative Expansion

#9. Marvel United or Marvel United: X-Men or Marvel United:Multiverse or …

#8. Good Dog, Bad Zombie (2nd Edition)

#7. Tembo: Survival of the Savanna

#6. Aetherspire

#5. Boaromia: The Cooperative Festival Game!

#4. The Crew: The Quest for Planet Nine or Mission Deep Sea

#3. Fate: Defenders of Grimheim

#2. Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring, Trick-Taking Game. Also, The Two Towers!

#1. Just One

Unboxing and Gameplay

Rulebook

Solo Game?

Cooperative Play

What I Liked

What I Didn’t Like

Conclusion

Unboxing and Gameplay

Rulebook

Solo Play

Cooperative Mode

What I Liked

What I Didn’t Like

Conclusion

What Is This?

Minis and/or Standees.

Combat

Campaign

Upgrades

Ships

What I Liked

What I Was Annoyed Over

Conclusion

Stickers!

Gameplay

Cozy

Conclusion

Appendix (It’s Not QUITE Over!)

Requires an App

Solve The Puzzle vs. Express the Answer

Pop-Up Cool! But You Need A Magnifying Glass!

Conclusion

New Venue

Day -1: Getting Coolers

Day 0: Boxception and Sleeve-It!

Day 1: The Secret RichieCon House

Day 2: RichieCon 2025 Starts!

Day 3, The Last Day: RichieCon 2025

Top 6 Interesting Games Since Last Year!

Solsbury Hill

Most Played Games

Weird Games

Conclusion

Day 1: The Game Arrives and Santorini Gets Played!

Day 2: Unboxing and First Games of Riddle of the Sphinx

Day 2: Campaign and More Play

Cooperative Play

Curse and Blessing

Occupied/Unoccupied

Things to Watch Out For

Conclusion

Unboxing

Rulebook and Campaign Book

Solo Rules

Cooperative Play

What I Liked

What I Didn’t Like

Turn Order

Conclusion

PreCon

RichieCon Day 0: Secret RichieCon House

RichieCon Day 1: Morning Pivot!

RichieCon Day 1: Part II! This Time, It’s Personal

RichieCon Day 2: More Games!

Sound Mitigation

Games of the Con

Interesting Games

Theme Song

Conclusion